Help & Metrics Reference

Definitions, formulas, and interpretation signals for every metric shown on instrument pages.

Valuation

P/E (Trailing)Price / EPS (TTM)Lower = cheaper vs. peers

How much investors pay per dollar of the last twelve months of earnings. Lower often means cheaper, but can also signal low growth expectations or distress.

P/E (Forward)Price / Est. EPS (NTM)Forward < Trailing = growth expected

Same as trailing P/E but uses analyst earnings estimates for the next twelve months. More forward-looking; useful when earnings are recovering or growing fast.

PEGP/E ÷ Earnings Growth %< 1 = potentially undervalued

Adjusts P/E for growth rate. A PEG of 1 is considered fairly valued; below 1 may indicate undervaluation relative to growth pace.

P/BPrice / Book Value per Share< 1 = below book value

Compares market price to the net asset value on the balance sheet. Below 1 means the market prices the company under its book assets. Common in financials and asset-heavy industries.

P/SMkt Cap / Revenue (TTM)Lower = cheaper on revenue

Price-to-Sales. Useful for pre-profit companies or when earnings are volatile. Lower is generally cheaper on a revenue basis.

EV/EBITDAEnterprise Value / EBITDA< 10 often considered reasonable

Compares total company value (equity + net debt) to operating cash flow proxy. Capital-structure neutral — ideal for comparing leveraged companies across industries.

EV/RevenueEnterprise Value / Revenue (TTM)Lower = cheaper on revenue basis

Like P/S but uses Enterprise Value, making it capital-structure neutral. Useful for high-growth or negative-EBITDA companies.

EPS (TTM)Net Income / Shares OutstandingPositive + growing = good

Earnings per share over the trailing twelve months. Absolute measure of how much the company earned for each share. Negative means the company is loss-making.

EPS (Forward)Est. Net Income / SharesForward > Trailing = earnings growth

Analyst consensus estimate for EPS over the next twelve months. Compare to trailing EPS to gauge expected earnings trajectory.

Cash Flow & Leverage

FCF YieldFree Cash Flow / Mkt Cap> 5% considered good

How much free cash the company generates relative to its market cap — the "cash earnings yield." Higher is more attractive for value-oriented investors.

FCF MarginFree Cash Flow / Revenue> 10–15% = quality business

Percentage of revenue that converts to free cash flow. Measures capital efficiency — companies with high FCF margins can self-fund growth or return cash to shareholders.

Net Debt / EBITDA(Debt − Cash) / EBITDA< 3× generally acceptable

Leverage ratio: how many years of operating cash flow it would take to pay off net debt. Negative means net cash. Key for assessing bankruptcy risk and debt capacity.

Net DebtTotal Debt − Cash & EquivalentsNegative = net cash position

Absolute leverage position. Negative value (net cash) means the company holds more cash than debt, a sign of financial strength.

Profitability

Profit MarginNet Income / RevenueHigher = more profitable

The percentage of revenue that becomes net profit after all expenses, taxes, and interest. A core measure of overall business profitability.

Oper. MarginOperating Income / RevenueHigher = better operating leverage

Profit margin before interest and taxes. Reflects core operational efficiency, stripping out financing decisions and tax effects.

ROENet Income / Avg. Shareholders Equity> 15% often considered strong

Return on Equity — how efficiently the company generates profits from shareholders' capital. A primary measure of management's ability to create value.

ROANet Income / Avg. Total Assets> 5% generally good

Return on Assets — how efficiently the company uses its total asset base to generate earnings. Useful for comparing capital-intensive businesses.

Revenue GrowthYoY Revenue change %Positive + accelerating = momentum

Year-over-year revenue growth rate. Top-line growth is fundamental for compounding returns, especially when combined with stable or improving margins.

Earnings GrowthYoY Net Income change %Earnings > Revenue growth = margin expansion

Year-over-year earnings per share growth. Earnings growth that exceeds revenue growth indicates improving operational efficiency or leverage.

Technical

SMA 50Avg. closing price, 50 daysPrice > SMA = bullish momentum

The 50-day simple moving average. Price above SMA 50 is a short-term bullish signal; below is bearish. The percentage deviation shown indicates how far the current price is from this level.

SMA 200Avg. closing price, 200 daysPrice > SMA200 = long-term uptrend

The 200-day simple moving average. The most widely watched long-term trend indicator. Price crossing above (golden cross) or below (death cross) the SMA 200 is a major signal for institutional traders.

BetaCovariance(stock, index) / Variance(index)> 1 = higher volatility than market

Measures volatility relative to the broad market. Beta > 1 means the stock moves more than the market (higher risk/reward). Beta < 1 is more defensive. Negative beta hedges against market declines.

Avg Volume 30dAvg. daily shares traded, 30 daysHigher = better liquidity

Average daily trading volume over the last 30 days. Low volume stocks have wider bid-ask spreads and higher execution risk. Important for position sizing.

Balance Sheet

Debt / EquityTotal Debt / Shareholders Equity< 1 generally conservative

Financial leverage ratio comparing total debt to equity. Higher ratios mean more debt-funded operations, increasing financial risk but potentially boosting returns. Varies widely by industry.

Current RatioCurrent Assets / Current Liabilities> 1.5 = healthy short-term liquidity

Liquidity ratio measuring ability to cover short-term obligations. Below 1 means current liabilities exceed current assets — a potential liquidity warning.

Dividends

Div. YieldAnnual Dividend / PriceSustainable > high but risky

Annual dividend income as a percentage of current share price. Higher yield can signal income attractiveness, but extremely high yields may indicate a dividend cut risk.

Payout RatioDividends Paid / Net Income< 60% = sustainable payout

Fraction of earnings paid out as dividends. High payout ratios (> 80%) leave little room for reinvestment or maintaining dividends during earnings downturns.

Ownership

Shares Out.Declining = buybacks (positive)

Total shares outstanding including all share classes. Used to compute per-share metrics. Rising share count dilutes existing shareholders; buybacks reduce it.

Insiders %Insider Shares / Total Shares> 10–15% = strong alignment

Percentage of shares held by directors and executives. High insider ownership aligns management interests with shareholders. Significant insider selling can be a warning sign.

Institutions %Institutional Shares / Total Shares> 50% = well covered by institutions

Percentage owned by funds, banks, and other institutions. High institutional ownership provides liquidity and signals professional conviction, but also creates selling pressure if sentiment shifts.

Analyst Consensus

Rating1 = Strong Buy → 5 = Sell≤ 2 = consensus buy

Aggregated analyst recommendation score on a 1–5 scale. 1–2 is bullish, 3 is neutral, 4–5 is bearish. Based on all covering analysts weighted equally.

Target (Mean)Avg. analyst 12-month targetUpside > 20% = bullish consensus

Average price target across all covering analysts for the next 12 months. The implied upside/downside vs. current price is a key signal, though targets are frequently revised.

Target RangeMin – Max analyst targetsNarrow range = higher conviction

Spread between the most pessimistic and optimistic analyst price targets. A wide range reflects high uncertainty or divergent views on the company outlook.

# Analysts> 5 = well covered

Number of analysts providing coverage. More analysts means better-known, more liquid stocks. Fewer than 3–5 analysts can mean limited information and higher information asymmetry.

Company Info

Market CapPrice × Shares Outstanding

Total equity market value of the company. Used to classify size: micro-cap (< €300M), small-cap (€300M–€2B), mid-cap (€2B–€10B), large-cap (> €10B).

Enterprise ValueMkt Cap + Net Debt + Minority Interest

The theoretical acquisition price — what it would cost to buy the entire business including its debt, net of cash. Capital-structure neutral; essential for EV-based multiples.

52W Range

Highest and lowest closing price over the last 52 weeks. Trading near the 52-week high can signal momentum; near the low may indicate distress or opportunity, depending on context.

ISIN

International Securities Identification Number. A 12-character alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies a security globally. Used for cross-exchange lookups and settlement.

Platform Guide

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